AEAS考生看这里：澳大利亚中小学阅读练习解析

　　有过澳洲留学想法的人，肯定会多方面了解澳洲中小学AEAS考试的情况，你是否想问AEAS考试难不难?澳洲AEAS考试内容是什么呢?下面小编将带来的是英语阅读练习题目。

　　Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.

　　More than 100 years ago, American sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois was concerned that race was being used as a biological explanation for what he understood to be social and cultural differences between different populations of people. He spoke out against the idea of “white” and “black” as distinct groups, claiming that these distinctions ignored the scope of human diversity.

　　Science would favor Du Bois. Today, the mainstream belief among scientists is that race is a social construct without biological meaning. In an article published in the journal Science, four scholars say racial categories need to be phased out.

　　“Essentially, I could not agree more with the authors,” said Svante P??bo, a biologist and director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany. In one example that demonstrated genetic differences were not fixed along racial lines, the full genomes (基因组) of James Watson and Craig Venter, two famous American scientists of European ancestry, were compared to that of a Korean scientist, Seong-Jin Kim. It turned out what Watson and Venter shared fewer variations in their genetic sequences than they each shared with Kim.

　　Michael Yudell, a professor of public health at Drexel University in Phiadelphia, said that modern genetics research is operating in a paradox: on the one hand, race is also understood to be a useful tool to illuminate human genetic diversity, but on the other hand, race is also understood to be a poorly defined maker of that diversity.

　　Assumptions about genetic differences between people of different races could be particularly dangerous in a medical setting. “If you make clinical predictions based on somebody’s race, you’re going to be wrong a good chunk of the time,” Yudell told Live Science. In the paper, he and his colleagues used the example of cystic fibrosis, which is underdiagnosed in people of African ancestry because it is thought of as a “white” disease.

　　So what other variables could be used if the racial concept is thrown out? Yudell said scientists need to get more specific with their language, perhaps using terms like “ancestry” or “population” that might more precisely reflect the relationship between humans and their genes, on both the individual and population level. The researchers also acknowledged that there are a few areas where race as a construct might still be useful in scientific research: as apolitical and social, but not biological, variable.

　　“While we argue phasing out racial terminology (术语) in the biological scientists, we also acknowledge that using race as a political or social category to study racism, although filled with lots of challenges, remains necessary given our need to understand how structural inequities and discrimination produce health disparities (差异) between groups.” Yudell said.

　　1. Du Bois was opposed to the use of race as______.

　　A. a basis for eplaining human genetic diversity

　　B. an aid to understanding different populations

　　C. an explanation for social and cultural difference

　　D. a term to describe individual human characteristics

　　C.

　　第一步，找定位词，Du Bois, oppose

　　第二步，回原文定位。定位到第一段第1.2句话，答案句为“ 100多年前，… 担心种族正在被用来从生物学层面揭示他所理解的不同人群之间的社会和文化差异。他公开反对将“白人”和“黑人”视为明显不同的群体的看法，声称这些区分忽略了人类多样性的范围。”

　　第三步：看选项。A. 解释人类基因多样性的基础，错误，不是基因多样性。B. 理解不同人群的辅助。错误。 C. 社会和文化等区别的一个解释，和答案句相符，故正确。D.去描述人类特点的一个术语。

　　2. The study by Svante P??bo served as an example to show______.

　　A. modern genetics research is likely to fuel racial conflicts

　　B. race is a poorly defined marker of human genetic diversity

　　C. race as a biological term can explain human genetic diversity

　　D. genetics research should consider social and cultural variables

　　B.

　　第一步，找定位词，Svante Paabo.

　　第二步，回原文定位。定位到第三段第一句。 答案句为“我基本完全同意这些作者的看法，” Svante Paabo 说道，他是生物学家及德国马克斯。普朗克进化人类学研究所的主任。在一个证明遗传差异不会按照种族界限固定下来的实例中，将两位著名的欧洲籍的美国科学家-…和… 的完整基因组与韩国科学家… 的完整基因库进行对比。

　　第三步：看选项。A. 现代基因科学很可能激发种族冲突，没有提到种族冲突，错误。 B. 种族是人类基因多样性的一个界限不清的定义。与“在一个证明遗传差异不会按照种族界限固定下来的实例中”符合，故正确。

　　3. The example of the disease cystic fibrosis underdiagnosed in people of African ancestry demonstrates that______.

　　A. it is absolutely necessary to put race aside in making diagnosis

　　B. it is important to include social variables in genetics research

　　C. racial categories for genetic diversity could lead to wrong clinical predictions

　　D. discrimination against black people may cause negligence in clinical treatment

　　C.

　　第一步，找定位词，disease cystic fibrosis , African ancestry

　　第二步，回原文定位。定位到倒数第三段的最后2句话，答案句为“Yudell 告诉美国生命科学网：如果你是基于某人的种族来做临床预测，那么你大部分时候都会是错的。“在这篇论文中，他和同事列举了囊性纤维化的例子，该疾病在非洲裔人身上易漏诊，因为这被认为是”白种人“的疾病”。

　　第三步：看选项。A. 完全有必要在做诊断的时候将种族放在一边。B. 在基因研究中将社会多样性包括进来很重要。C. 对基因多样化的种族分类可能导致错误的临床预测。和文章“易漏诊”对应，故正确。D.对黑人的歧视可能导致临床治疗的忽视，错误，没提到歧视。

　　4. What is Yudell’s suggestion to scientists?

　　A. They be more precise with the language they use.

　　B. They refrain from using politically sensitive terms.

　　C. They throw out irrelevant concepts in their research.

　　D. They examine all possible variables in their research.

　　A.

　　第一步，找定位词，Yudell’s suggestion.

　　第二步，回原文定位。定位到倒数第二段的第2句话“Yudell说，科学家们对于其语言需要知道的更具体一些，或许可以用像“血统”或者“人群”这样的术语，它们也许更准确地在个体和群体层面上反映出人类与其基因之间的关系。”

　　第三步：看选项。A.他们应该对他们使用的语言更加准确些。与答案句一致，故正确。

　　5. What can be inferred from Yudell’s remark in the last paragraph?

　　A. Clinging to racism prolongs inequity and discrimination.

　　B. Physiological disparities are quite striking among races.

　　C. Doing away with racial discrimination is challenging.

　　D. Racial terms are still useful in certain fields of study.

　　D.

　　第一步，找定位词，Yudell, last paragraph

　　第二步，回原文定位。定位到最后一段 答案句为“虽然我们认为在生物科学里要逐渐淘汰种族术语，但我们也承认，考虑到我们需要了解结构性的不平等和歧视是如何使群体之间产生健康差异的，将种族作为一个政治或者社会范畴来研究种族主义仍有必要，尽管这充满了挑战。”

　　第三步：看选项。A. 坚持种族主义延长不平等和歧视，错误。B.种族之间的心理不同相当突出。不跟答案句一致，故错误。C. 废除(doing away with) 种族歧视是很有挑战的。不跟答案句一致，错误。D.种族术语仍然在研究的特定领域内有用。与答案句一致，正确。

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